Approximately 23 million U.S. households rely on private wells for drinking water.
10 steps across 1 sections
1. Steps Guide
- Establish a testing schedule — Test annually for total coliform bacteria, nitrates, pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS). Test more frequently if: the well is new, there are infants in the househol...
- Identify local contamination risks — Contact your local health department to learn about known groundwater issues in your area. Common risks include: agricultural runoff (nitrates, pesticides), ind...
- Test for additional contaminants based on risk — Beyond the basic annual tests, consider: arsenic (naturally occurring in many regions), lead (older plumbing), PFAS/forever chemicals (near military...
- Use a certified laboratory — Only use labs certified by your state for drinking water analysis. Your local health department can provide a list. Costs range from $15-$50 for basic bacteria tests to...
- Collect samples correctly — Follow the lab's specific instructions carefully. General guidelines: use the lab-provided container, run the faucet for 2-3 minutes before collecting, avoid touching th...
- Test after specific events — Test immediately after: flooding near the well, any well repairs or modifications, a positive bacteria test (retest after treatment), reports of local contamination, ch...
- Interpret results — Compare results against EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). Your lab report will indicate whether contaminants exceed recommended limits. If unsure, consult your local health...
- Address contamination — Treatment options depend on the contaminant: UV disinfection or chlorination for bacteria, reverse osmosis for heavy metals and PFAS, activated carbon for VOCs and taste/odo...
- Maintain your well — Annual visual inspection (well cap, casing, grout seal), keep chemicals and waste 50+ feet from the well, maintain proper grading to direct surface water away, and ensure the w...
- Keep records — Document all test results, treatments applied, maintenance performed, and any water quality changes. This history is valuable for tracking trends and is required during property sales.
Common Mistakes
- Only testing when water looks or smells wrong
- Using uncertified labs
- Improper sample collection
- Not testing after well work
- Assuming treatment eliminates the need for testing
Pro Tips
- Check your local health department first
- Test for PFAS
- Use the EPA's well maintenance checklist
- Keep a 50-foot minimum distance
- Consider a whole-house treatment system